Archaeology

7 dispositivos de tortura famosos, reales y míticos

 

Algunos instrumentos de tortura, como el potro, eran reales. Otros probablemente se inventaron para ayudar a perpetuar el mito de la “Edad Oscura” medieval.

GRUPO DE IMÁGENES UNIVERSALES A TRAVÉS DE GETTY IMAGES

A lo largo de la historia, la gente ha utilizado dispositivos de tortura para castigar a sus enemigos y a los acusados ​​de delitos. También han utilizado la tortura como medio para obtener confesiones o convencer a la víctima de que dé nombres de otras personas, a pesar de que la tortura no produce información confiable. (Este no es un hallazgo nuevo; es algo que incluso Napoleón Bonaparte observó).

Sin embargo, a veces, las personas que miran hacia el pasado han dejado volar su imaginación cuando se trata de tortura. Los historiadores de la antigua Grecia han transmitido algunos cuentos fantásticos que tal vez no pretendían que los lectores tomaran literalmente. Además, la gente de la era moderna ha acusado a los europeos medievales de utilizar espantosos dispositivos de tortura que probablemente no existían en ese momento, perpetuando el mito de una llamada “Edad Oscura” poco civilizada. A continuación se muestran algunos dispositivos de tortura famosos de la historia, tanto reales como legendarios.

El toro descarado

The brazen bull is an ancient mythical torture device supposedly used by Phalaris, a tyrant who ruled a part of Sicily in the 6th century BCE. It consisted of a life-size bronze bull that was hollow on the inside and had a door on the outside. The torturer would place a victim inside and light a fire under the bull. The fire would roast the victim to death, while an acoustic system on the bull made the victim’s screams sound like bull noises to those on the outside.

The story of Phalaris and the brazen bull comes from the Greek historian Diodorus Siculus, who lived about 500 years after these events had supposedly taken place. The story, which Italian poet and philosopher Dante referenced in the Inferno, is likely a myth or at least highly embellished.

The Iron Apega

One of the more fantastical tales of a torture device is the Iron Apega, also known as the Apega of Nabis. The ancient Greek historian Polybius wrote that the Spartan king Nabis, who ruled from 207 to 192 BCE, built a sort of torture robot that resembled his wife, Apega.

Polybius wrote that whenever Nabis was trying to collect taxes from someone who refused to pay, the king would invite the person to hug his wife, and point the person toward the robot. When the person embraced the robot, it would draw in its arms, crushing the victim with iron hooks hidden under its clothes. However, scholars have suggested that Polybius’ story of the tax-collecting torture robot was allegorical, and that the Iron Apega did not really exist.

The Rack

The rack was a torture device used at the Tower of London, a royal palace that also served as a prison. Starting in the 15th century, the yeoman warders who worked at the tower used the rack to pull on ropes tied to a victim’s wrists and ankles. This stretched the body and dislocated the victim’s joints.

Yeoman warders used the rack on people suspected of treason and religious heresy to try to get them to confess and give up the names of other “conspirators.” One famous victim was the English writer and Protestant preacher Anne Askew. In 1546, yeoman warders tortured her on the rack and asked her to name Protestant sympathizers. After she refused, officials burned her at the stake. Because the torture made her unable to walk, they had to carry her to her execution.

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La hija del carroñero

Durante los siglos XVI y XVII, los guardianes de la Torre de Londres también utilizaron a la hija del carroñero como dispositivo de tortura. La hija del carroñero era una estructura de metal que comprimía el cuerpo de la víctima sobre sí mismo.

La compresión de la hija del carroñero fue tan intensa que aparentemente podría provocar que la víctima comenzara a sangrar por la nariz, la boca y otras partes del cuerpo. Esta espantosa forma de tortura podría provocar la muerte.

El tornillo de mariposa

SSPL A TRAVÉS DE GETTY IMAGEST LOS TORNILLOS DE PULGAR, O PULGARES, SON UN INSTRUMENTO DE TORTURA TEMPRANA QUE SE UTILIZA INSERTAR LOS PULGARES EN EL ARTEFACTO Y COMPRIMIRLOS CON UN TORNILLO.

Los torturadores utilizaban el tornillo de mariposa, otro dispositivo doloroso de principios del período moderno de Europa (c. 1450 a 1750), para aplastar los dedos o los pulgares de una persona.

De manera similar al potro, los torturadores empleaban el tornillo como medio de castigo y como intento de obtener una confesión. El tornillo de mariposa también se conocía como “thumbikin”, con muchas variaciones ortográficas.

La pera de la angustia

La pera de la angustia es un dispositivo que los primeros europeos modernos etiquetaron como un dispositivo de tortura medieval. Supuestamente, un torturador insertaría el dispositivo en la boca, vagina o ano de una persona para ensanchar el orificio, causando un dolor extremo. Sin embargo, los estudiosos han cuestionado si estos dispositivos se originaron en la Edad Media, un período que terminó alrededor de 1450.

Los ejemplos existentes de la llamada pera de la angustia contienen resortes en espiral, lo que sugiere que las personas que las elaboraron vivieron durante el período moderno temprano que siguió a la Edad Media. Estos ejemplos tienen un origen poco claro y existen dudas sobre cuán funcionales habrían sido en realidad como dispositivos de tortura para ensanchar orificios.

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